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Chapter 21 — 1
Chapter 21
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OXYGEN TOXICITY
Oxygen (O
2
) is toxic when breathed at a partial pressure in excess of 0.4 ATA (40% O
2
at
atmospheric pressure) for sufficient time. The greater the concentration and pressure, the
shorter the time. The two common forms of O
2
toxicity affect the lungs and the brain.
When O
2
is breathed at partial pressures between 0.4 and 1.6 ATA it is eventually toxic to the
lungs. At partial pressures in excess of 1.6 ATA, it is toxic to the brain as well as the lungs.
The effects are more pronounced and more rapid as the inspired partial pressure of O
2
increases.
MECHANISM
The exact cause of O
2
toxicity is unknown. It is generally considered that hyperbaric O
2
interferes with the activity of enzymes in the cells and that this disrupts the biochemical
functions, particularly in the brain and lungs.
In the lungs, damage to the cells lining the alveoli causes a general thickening and stiffening
of the lung tissues, accumulation of fluid and difficulty with breathing.
In the brain there is a reduction in the amount of certain nerve transmission chemicals as well
as generalised damage to the nerve cells. If cerebral O
2
toxicity is allowed to develop,
convulsions eventually follow.
The sensory organs are really neurological outposts. Thus vision, hearing and touch, may also
be affected.